The slippery slope : explaining the increase in extreme poverty in urban Brazil, 1976-96

Despite tremendous macroeconomic instability in Brazil, the country's distributions of urban income in 1976 and 1996 appear, at first glance, deceptively similar. Mean household income per capita was stagnant, with minute accumulated growth (4.3 percent) over the two decades. The Gini coefficient hovered just above 0.59 in both years, and the incidence of poverty (relative to a poverty line of R$60 a month in 1996 prices) remained effectively unchanged over the period, at 22 percent. Behind this apparent stability, however, a powerful combination of labor market, demographic, and educational dynamics was at work, one effect of which was to generate a substantial increase in extreme urban poverty. Using a decomposition methodology based on micro-simulation, which endogenizes labor incomes, individual occupational choices, and decisions about education, the authors show that the distribution of income was being affected by: 1) Three factors that tended to increase poverty-a decline in average returns to education and experience, a negative"growth"effect, and unfortunate changes in the structure of occupations and participation in the labor force. 2) Two factors that tended to reduce poverty-improved educational endowments across the board, and a progressive reduction in dependency ratios. The net effect was small and negative for measured inequality overall, and negligible for the incidence of poverty (relative to"high"poverty lines). But the net effect was to substantially increase extreme poverty-suggesting the creation of a group of urban households excluded from any labor market and trapped in indigence. Above the 15th percentile, urban Brazilians have"stayed put"only by climbing hard up a slippery slope. Counteracting failing returns in both self-employment and the labor market required substantially reduced fertility rates and an average of two extra years of schooling (which still left them undereducated for that income level).Economic Theory&Research,Health Economics&Finance,Environmental Economics&Policies,Public Health Promotion,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Inequality,Health Economics&Finance,Environmental Economics&Policies,Governance Indicators,Poverty Assessment

"Colearning" - Collaborative Open Learning through OER and Social Media

This chapter introduces the concept of coLearning as well as discussing how open learning networks can produce, share and reuse OER collaboratively through social media. COLEARNING OBJECTIVES The aim of this investigation is to identify new forms of collaboration, as well as strategies that can be used to make the production and adaptation processes of OER more explicit for anyone in a social network to contribute. REUSABILITY This open content is an adapted version of a conference paper for OCW conference 2012, which was created by the same authors. This chapter can be reused by: Educators who would like to create reusable OER (images, videos, maps, units) Learners who are interested in tools for reusing and adapting OER Content developers who are looking for different media to enrich OER Social network users who would like to produce and share open media conten

Machine learning for audio on the web

In this report, we present our Capstone project for the Course of Computer Science and Management at Polytech Montpellier that we developed in partnership with the SigSep team (Inria, LIRMM) [1]. The project consists of creating an application that allows a user to unmix a song, i.e. to separate each instrument (such as guitar, bass, vocals) from a song, on the web, straight on their browser. In this context, we use JavaScript to develop a program that uses both Digital Signal Processing (DPS) and machine learning techniques and can be run completely on the browser without the need for a server. Our approach consists of manually implementing DSP operations that do not exist in JavaScript, converting a pre-trained model to TensorFlowJS [2] and creating an intuitive and minimalistic UI using Vue.Dans ce rapport, nous présentons notre Projet de Fin d’études pour le cursus Informatique et Gestion à Polytech Montpellier. Nous avons développé ce projet en partenariat avec l'équipe SigSep (Inria, LIRMM). Le projet consiste à créer une application qui permet à un utilisateur de démixer une chanson, c'est-à-dire de séparer chaque instrument (comme la guitare, la basse, le chant) d'une chanson, sur le web, directement sur son navigateur. Dans ce contexte, nous utilisons JavaScript pour développer un programme qui utilise à la fois le traitement numérique du signal et les techniques d'apprentissage machine et qui peut être exécuté entièrement sur le navigateur sans avoir besoin d'un serveur. Notre approche consiste à implémenter manuellement des opérations DSP qui n'existent pas en JavaScript, à convertir un modèle écrit en TensorFlowJS et à créer une interface utilisateur intuitive et minimaliste à l'aide du framework JavaScript Vue

Flying together towards EFL teacher development as language learners and professionals through genre writing

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras/Inglês e Literatura Correspondente, Florianópolis, 2009This qualitative study on the inter-relation between English as a Foreign Language Teacher Education (EFLTE) and the teaching of writing follows, mainly, the theoretical-methodological approach of Socio-discursive Interactionism (Bronckart, 2003, 2006, 2008a and his followers). Its general objective is to investigate in what aspects and to what extent an interventionist practice concerning the teaching of writing can contribute to EFL teachers development as language learners and professionals. Specifically, the aims of this study are: a) to identify which elements related to the language capacities of action, discursive and linguistic-discursive can be taught for the writing of an academic summary (AS); b) to investigate in what aspects and to what extent the process of writing an AS by means of a didactic sequence (DS) can contribute to teachers development; c) to investigate in what aspects and to what extent the process of planning a DS to the teaching of writing of specific genres can contribute to the teachers' development; and d) to investigate which individual representations were constructed during the processes of writing an AS and planning DS for the teaching of writing specific genres. Four main sets of data are analyzed: a corpus of ten ASs produced by the participant-teachers of an EFLTE course, participant-teachers DS plans, and participant-teachers direct self-confrontation texts. The results of the analysis of each set of data reveals that: 1) the elements related to the three language capacities to be studied for writing an AS should be: the thematic content and context of production of the academic article, descriptive type of sequence and theoretical type of discourse, affirmative sentences, present simple tense and present passive, nominal group, nominal and pronominal anaphora, logic modalization, connectors and reporting verbs; 2) the participants substantially developed as language learners, since they made considerable progress in the three language capacities from the first to the last AS versions; 3) the participants knowledge development related to the three language capacities in the task of planning DSs was partially adequate. Crossing the results from the second and third sets of data with the teaching knowledge base dimensions (Richards, 1998), named Theories of Teaching, Teaching Skills, Communication Skills, Pedagogical Knowledge Skills and Decision Making and Contextual Knowledge reveals that the participants developed in the six dimensions; 4) the participants also developed in the reflective dimensions named Epistemological, Ontological, Pedagogical, Linguistic and Axiological. The overall findings, therefore, reveal that a genre-based perspective for the teaching of writing through the use of the procedure of DS can be seen as an adequate theoretical, methodological and reflexive mechanism for EFLTE.Este estudo qualitativo sobre a inter-relação entre formação de professores de inglês como língua estrangeira e ensino de escrita segue, principalmente, a abordagem teórico-metodológica do Interacionismo Sociodiscursivo (Bronckart, 2003; 2006; 2008a e seus seguidores). Seu objetivo geral é investigar em que aspectos e até que ponto uma prática intervencionista relacionada ao ensino de escrita pode contribuir no desenvolvimento de professores de Inglês como língua estrangeira como aprendizes e profissionais. Especificamente, este estudo objetiva: a) identificar quais elementos relacionados às capacidades de linguagem de ação, discursiva e lingüístico-discursiva podem ser ensinados na escrita de um resumo acadêmico (RA); b) investigar de que forma e até que ponto o processo de escrita de um RA através do procedimento de sequência didática (SD) pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento de professores; c) investigar de que forma e até que ponto o processo de planejamento de uma SD para o ensino de escrita pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento de professores; e d) investigar que representações individuais foram construídas durante o processo de escrita de um RA e planejamento de uma SD para ensino de escrita de gêneros específicos. Quatro conjuntos de dados são analisados: um corpus de dez RAs, resumos acadêmicos produzidos por professores de inglês participantes de um curso de formação continuada, planos de SD dos professores participantes, e textos de auto-confrontação simples dos participantes. Os resultados da análise de cada conjunto de dados mostram que: 1) os elementos, relacionados às três capacidades de linguagem, a serem estudados na escrita de RAs devem ser: o conteúdo temático e o contexto de produção do artigo acadêmico, tipo de sequência descritiva e tipo de discurso teórico, orações afirmativas, presente simples e voz passiva no presente, grupo nominal e anáfora nominal e pronominal, modalização lógica, conectores e verbos de dizer; 2) os participantes se desenvolveram substancialmente como aprendizes da língua inglesa, pois progrediram consideravelmente nas três capacidades de linguagem da primeira à última versão dos RAs; 3) o desenvolvimento dos participantes com relação às três capacidades de linguagem na tarefa de planejamento de SDs foi parcialmente adequado. O cruzamento dos dados do segundo e terceiro conjuntos com as seis dimensões básicas de conhecimento de ensino (Richards, 1998), nomeadamente, Teorias de Ensino, Habilidades de Ensino, Habilidades de Comunicação, Habilidades Pedagógicas e Poder de Decisão e Conhecimento do Contexto revela que os participantes se desenvolveram nas seis dimensões; 4) os participantes também se desenvolveram nas dimensões reflexivas Epistemológica, Ontológica, Pedagógica, Linguística e Axiológica. Os resultados gerais deste estudo revelam que uma perspectiva de ensino de escrita baseada em gêneros textuais através do procedimento de SD pode ser um mecanismo teórico, metodológico e reflexivo adequado para o desenvolvimento de professores de inglês como língua estrangeira

Psychology in Education and Health- Proceedings of the II Leipzig-Évora Scientific Meeting in Psychology

This ebook contains several papers on the application applied psychology in education, health and well-being, personality,family interactions and emotional and epistemological development.The aim of this volume is to inform the scientific community on the research on Psychology mainly made at Évora and Leipzig Universities, but also in other contexts like Mexico or Brazil.FC

Embry-Riddle Papel Pega-Mosca 1944-07

Oito Meses De Proficua Existencia Director Blakeley Returns Durant Elected President of Instructors\u27 Council Rotarians Hail Chicagoan of South America Seccao dos Alunos Papel Pega-Mosca Sports Comments The World\u27s Fighting Airplanes Os Avioes De Combate Do Mundo Alunadas... What\u27s Fazing The Students\u27 Keyhole New Arrivalshttps://commons.erau.edu/ua-papel-pega-mosca/1098/thumbnail.jp

Embry-Riddle Papel Pega-Mosca 1944-03

The Students\u27 Keyhole Temporario My Specialization Aircraft Mechanics Why I Like Instruments Welcome Instructors\u27 School Family Guarany Guest Column The Innocents Abroad About You and You and You! Sandy Saunder\u27s Sport Comments Sports Comments Seccao Dos Cadetes Estudantes Notas Folkloristicas O Brasil E As Proximas Olimpiadas Problema Do Livro Para Voces, Cadetes Irmaos Laylahttps://commons.erau.edu/ua-papel-pega-mosca/1110/thumbnail.jp

Language learner autonomy in a distance education program: perception of students and tutors regarding the four skills development

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Inglês: Estudos Linguísticos e Literários, Florianópolis, 2014.Este estudo teve o objetivo de analisar a percepção de alunos e de tutores com relação à forma como iniciativas autônomas fomentaram o desenvolvimento das quatro habilidades em Inglês (ler, escrever, ouvir e falar) ao longo do Curso de Letras Inglês Licenciatura a Distância oferecido pela Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (2009-2013). Investigou-se (a) quais iniciativas autônomas ajudaram os alunos desenvolver suas habilidades linguísticas em Inglês; (b) como os alunos perceberam suas próprias iniciativas para o desenvolvimento das quatro habilidades; e (c) a visão dos tutores sobre o papel da autonomia no desenvolvimento das quatro habilidades dos alunos. Para coleta de dados, 21 alunos do curso responderam um questionário online que abordava o conceito de autonomia relacionado ao desenvolvimento linguístico no curso; 20 deles escreveram um texto reflexivo sobre o mesmo tema; e 4 destes foram entrevistados. Além disso, 2 tutores presenciais de polo foram entrevistados, a fim de se ter a perspectiva deles quanto às iniciativas autônomas dos alunos. Pesquisadores como Holec (1981); Dickinson (1992, 1994); Cotterall (1995); Dias (1994); Finch (2002); White (1999, 2003, 2004, 2006); Moreira (1994); e Paiva (2005, 2006, 2011), os quais teorizaram sobre o tema autonomia de aprendizes de línguas, serviram de suporte para análise dos dados. Uma análise qualitativa dos resultados mostrou que os alunos veem iniciativas autônomas como necessárias para o desenvolvimento das quatro habilidades no curso. Eles apresentaram diferentes exemplos de iniciativas e ações que eles tomaram, as quais auxiliaram no desenvolvimento linguístico. Da mesma forma, os tutores também consideraram que os alunos se beneficiaram por assumir a responsabilidade pelos seus processos de aprendizagem.Abstract : This study aimed to analyze students' and tutors' perceptions on how autonomy initiatives fostered the development of the four skills in English (reading, writing, listening, speaking) throughout the Distance Education (DE) English teacher education program offered by Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (2009-2013). It investigated (a) what autonomy initiatives helped students develop their language skills in the program; (b) how students perceived their own autonomous initiatives for the development of language skills in English; and (c) how the tutors perceived autonomy assisting students? language skills development. For the data collection, 21 students from the Distance Education (DE) program answered an online questionnaire regarding the concept of autonomy and their language skills development in the program; 20 wrote a reflective report on the same topic; and 4 were interviewed regarding their answers in both the questionnaire and reflective report. In addition, 2 on-site tutors were interviewed concerning their view on autonomy initiatives students presented. Researchers such as Holec (1981); Dickinson (1992, 1994); Cotterall (1995); Dias (1994); Finch (2002); White (1999, 2003, 2004, 2006); Moreira (1994); and Paiva (2005, 2006, 2011), who theorized about language learner autonomy, enlightened the discussions and data analysis. A qualitative analysis of the results showed that students perceived autonomous initiatives as necessary and positive concerning the development of the four skills in the program. Students presented different characteristics and actions of autonomous learners. In their perceptions, such characteristics and actions fostered their language development. Tutors also saw students benefiting from their attitude in taking responsibility for their own learning processes

Suicide study : a psychological autopsy

RESUMO: O'suicídio'é'atualmente'um'problema'de'saúde'pública.'Estimarse'que'um'milhão'de'pessoas' morra'anualmente'devido'ao'suicídio.'De'acordo'com'diversas'agências'e'organizações'estimar 'que'ocorram'entre'20'a'40'tentativas'de'suicídio'por'cada'suicídio'consumado.'Os'custos'associados'ao'suicídio,'quer'humanos'quer'económicos'são'enormes'e'estendemrse'à'família,'emprego,'economia'e'finanças.'Os'números'oficiais'do'suicídio'em'Portugal'indicam'uma'taxa ligeiramente'acima'dos'10'por' cada'100'000'habitantes'mas' comportando' regiões'onde' são'observadas' taxas' muito' elevadas,' como' no' Sudoeste' de' Portugal' onde' se' observam particularmente taxas 3'vezes'acima'da'média'nacional.' Investigámos' o' fenómeno' com' os' objetivos' de' validar' a' técnica' de' autópsia' psicológica' em' contexto' comunitário' nunca' realizado' em' Portugal,' e' dar' um' contributo' para' uma' compreensão'mais'alargada'deste'problema'de'saúde'pública,'especialmente'nesta'região'de' Odemira.' A' autópsia' psicológica' consiste' em' reunir' detalhadamente' informação' sobre' a'personalidade' e' vida' de' alguém' que' morreu' em' circunstâncias' equívocas' (por' suicídio,' homicídio' ou' acidente)'recorrendo'ainda'a'registos'e'documentação,'bem'como'procedendo'a entrevistas' com' familiares,' colegas' ou' amigos.' Foi' feita' uma' adaptação' de' uma' entrevista' semirestruturada' para' o' efeito.' Foram' recrutados' 2' grupos' de' participantes:' um' grupo' de familiares de pessoas que cometeram'suicídio'(n=30)'e'um'grupo'de'familiares'de'pessoas'que morreram de causas' naturais' (n=24).' O' estudo' decorreu' em' 3' momentos' com' sessões' de' apresentação' (i),' sessões' de' preparação' (ii)' e' entrevistas' para' recolha' de' informação' e'monitorização.'' Os' principais' resultados'mostram' que' existiram' dificuldades' na' obtenção' da' informação' a'partir' dos' entrevistados,' a'maioria' dos' suicidas' eram'homens' acima' dos' 40' anos' de' idade,' afetados' por' lesões' graves' ou' doenças' graves' ' no' período' adulto' embora' apresentassem'condições' válidas' para' trabalhar,' reformados,' vivendo' em' família,' com' traços' de'personalidade' amargurados,' tristes' ou' pessimistas,' com' escassas' atividades' nos' tempos' de' lazer,' sem' problemas' somáticos' significativos' ou' perturbações'mentais' que' comunicaram' a intenção de morrer previamente'e'provenientes'de'famílias'sem'dificuldades'económicas'ou'relações'familiares'desadequadas.' Tendo'em'conta'a'literatura,'algumas'das'características'parecem'ser'muito'particulares'desta'população.'Aparentemente'o'suicídio'poderá'ter'implicações'genéticas'que'deveriam'ser'tidas'em'conta'em'futuras'investigações.' A'integração'da'saúde'mental'nos'cuidados'de'saúde'primários'afigurarse'urgente'tendo'em' conta' que' a' escassez' de' profissionais' de' saúde'mental' é' enorme' numa' parte' do' país' onde'ocorre' o'maior'número'de' suicídios.'Mudar'de'modelo'e'reorganizar'os' serviços'de' forma'a' poder' dar' uma' resposta' ao' défice' de' tratamento' de' saúde' mental' e' ter' em' conta' os' determinantes'sociais'da'saúde'para'fazer'face'ao'isolamento'é'fundamental.' ---------------ABSTRACT: Suicide' is,'nowadays,' a'public'health'problem.'A'million'dies' annually'by' suicide'worldwide.' According'to'several'agencies'and'organizations'an'estimation'of'20'to'40'suicide'attempts'is advanced for each complete' suicide. Associated'costs'to'suicide,'both'human'and'economic,'are' huge' and' spread' on' family,' jobs,' economy,' and' finances.' Official' available' figures' for' suicide' in' Portugal' indicate' a' rate' slightly' over' 10' for' each' 100' 000' inhabitants,' but' with'regions'where'one' can' actually' find'extremely'high' rates,' like' for' instance' in' the'Southwest' part' of' the' country,' where' are' regularly' found' rates' 3' times' higher,' when' compared' to'national'average.'' We' have' investigated' the' phenomenon' aiming' to' validate' the' technique' of' psychological'autopsy' in' a' community' context' never' explored' before' in' Portugal' and' to' contribute' for' a' wider' understanding' of' this' public' health' problem,' especially' in' this' region' of' Odemira.' Psychological'autopsy'consists'into'a'detailed'gathering'of'information'about'the'personality'and' life' of' someone' died' in' equivocal' circumstances' (suicide,' homicide,' accident),' registries and other'documentation'as'well'as'interviews'with'family'members,'corworkers'and'friends.' An' adaptation' of' a' semirstructured' interview' was' made.' Two' groups' of' participants' were'recruited: a'group of'relatives'of'people'committing'suicide'(n=30),'and'a'group'of'relatives'of'people' whose' death' was' after' natural' causes' (n=24).' Study' was'made' in' 3'moments' with'presentation'sessions;'(i)'preparation'sessions;'(ii)'interviewing'data'collection'and'monitoring' iii).'' Main'results'showed'difficulties'to'obtain'information'from'interviewees,'most'suicides'were' from males over 40 years old, affected'by'serious'illness'or'severe'injury'in'adulthood'but'valid'to'work,'retired,'living'in'family,'with'bitterness,'sad'or'pessimistic'as'personality'traits,'with'few' leisure' activities,' without' significant' health' somatic' problems' or' mental' disorders,'communicating'intention'to'die'previously,'coming'from'families'with'no'indication'of'financial'distress'or'inadequate'family'relationship.' Taking'into'account'the'literature'it'looks'like'some'features'seem'to'be'quiet'particular'from'this'population.'Apparently'one'might'say'that'suicide'could'have'genetic'implications'which'further'research'should'account'in'the'future.' Integration' of'mental' health' into' primary' care' is' urgent' once' the' scarcity' of'mental' health' professionals' is' enormous' in' a' part' of' the' country' where' most' suicides' occur.' Scaling' up services must go in order'to'address'to'treatment'gap'and'social'determinants'of'health'should'be'taken'into'account'to'face'isolation.' Results' show' that' the' profile' of' the' suicidal' in' the' region' of' Odemira' is' particular' and'implications' of' genetics' should' be' taken' into' account.' Moreover' much' can' be' done' in'organization' of' services' in' the' region' where' we' performed' the' present' study' in' order' to'address'to'treatment'gap'for'mental'disorders'and'to'the'social'determinants'of'health

The brief life of the anthropoid animal: a collection of translated poems from Brief Life and The Anthropoid Animal

When Luiz Busatto finished writing his first book of poems, The anthropoid animal, he was forty-two years old. Not coincidentally, the book consists of forty-two poems divided into three thematic parts: The anthropoid animal (like the title of the book), The doors of the heart, and The invincible frontiers. The main theme of the poems in The anthropoid animal is the suffering and anguish of a man who feels trapped by iron bars (“The iron bars”), who cannot be romantic anymore (“Ideological position”), who feels humiliated and lonely in his comer (“Futile gesture”), and who has decided to silence himself (“Shadows engineer.”) The second part of the book, The doors of the heart, subdivides into two other sections. The lyric tone predominates in the first segment, with its main themes of passion, longing, life, and happy love. In contrast, the second segment of The doors of the heart focuses on death and unsuccessful love. The last division of the book, The invincible frontiers, subdivides into three sections. The first concentrates its themes on art and poetry. The second questions the poverty and the social division of classes. The third part is a synthesis of the whole book and comprises themes such as love, anguish, longing, and death, among others. As Oscar Gama Filho says on the leaf of the book, The anthropoid animal is structured in a triangular way with The anthropoid animal as its apex (with one subdivision), which branches to The doors of the heart (with two subdivisions), and The invincible frontiers (with three subdivisions.